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The research was carried out at the General Authority for Scientific Agricultural Research - Damascus Countryside Research Center (Sarghaya and Taybeh Research Stations), during the 2019 and 2020 agricultural seasons, with the aim of studying the effect of environmental factors of the sites where saffron plants (Crocus sativus. L.) are grown on the plants’ vegetative, flowering and corm growth indicators. . The results of the experiment showed that the prevailing climatic conditions in the Sarghaya region increased the indicators of vegetative growth (average leaf length and number of leaves, average number of vegetative shoots) and floral growth (average number of flowers and their wet weight, average length of stigmas and their dry weight) and the number of corms of the saffron plants grown there compared to their counterparts. Cultivated in the conditions of the Taybeh region and with statistical significance. The 2020 season outperformed the average leaf length, number of leaves, average number of vegetative growths, average number of flowers, and average wet weight of flowers (19.73 cm, 160.4 leaves, 6.63 shoots, 0.63 flowers, 0.19 g), significantly superior to the 2019 season, while the latter significantly outperformed the 2020 season. Statistics on the average length of the flower stigmas and the dry weight of the stigmas (3.592 cm, 0.035 g). The superiority of the second season in most of the studied traits is attributed to the increase in the number of corms per unit area resulting from the mother corm grown in the first season. As for the content of the stigmas of active substances, no significant differences were observed between the two cultivation sites (Taybeh and Serghaya) in the average content of the stigmas of crocin (158.73, 182.85 (g/gµ)), respectively, or in the average content of the stigmas of safrnal (23.50 and 23.90 (g). /gµ), respectively. As for the average content of stigmas of picrocrocin, the Sarghaya site was 74.80 (g/gµ) superior to the Taiba site, 56.06 (g/gµ), respectively Regarding the weight of the corms, there was a significant effect in both sites, and the highest weight was reached in the Al-Tayba site with an average weight of (14.95) grams. The effect was significant on the average yield in both sites, and the highest productivity was reached in the Al-Tayba site with an average corm weight of (0.26) kg/dunum. The same significant effect was also observed. The average yield produced in the second season was (0.28 kg/dunum) higher than that produced in the first season (0.21 kg/dunum). The Sarghaya site was superior in the average number of corms, reaching (19.20) corms. The second season surpassed the first season, as it reached (23) corms. Compared to the first season (4.6) as a result. The economic study of saffron cultivation in the Damascus countryside gave an increase in the profitability factor compared to production costs by 146.5%, and the net profit from cultivating a dunam of saffron amounted to more than 8 million Syrian pounds. The field survey rounds in the Damascus countryside governorate, which were concentrated in 8 areas (Al-Marah - Qara - Al-Sarukhiya - Rankous - Jabadin - Wadi Askar (Al-Rawda) - Sasa'a - Ain Hour) during the months of October and November in the 2019 and 2020 seasons, and the taxonomic study of the genus Crocus was conducted. Recording the existence of three species belonging to this genus: Crocus cancellatus, Crocus damascenus, Crocus aleppicus. In the modern Syrian flora, it was only mentioned in the ancient Syrian flora, and the species were distinguished based on the study of the morphological characteristics of the plant, including (indicators of flowers, leaves, chromates, and fruiting). The results showed that the reticulated saffron is a perennial herbaceous plant. The average leaf length is 8 cm, and the average number of leaves is 4 leaves. The average length of the stigma is 1.2 cm. The fruit is an oval pod with an average length of 1.8 cm and is purple in color with purple bands. The average number of seeds is 13.3 seeds and the average weight of 100 seeds is 0.813 g. The seed color is reddish brown. Damascene saffron is a perennial herbaceous plant with an average leaf length of 8 cm, and an average number of leaves of 4 leaves, with an average color of stigma length of 3.7 cm. The fruit is an elongated, paper-shaped box with an average length of 2.8 cm. It opens podium from the top through three leaves of a light green color with dark brown, an average number of seeds. 16 seeds, average seed weight 0.8910 g, seed color reddish brown. Aleppo saffron is a perennial herbaceous plant with an average stigma length of 2 cm. The fruit is not present. Aleppo saffron is characterized by a short life cycle of 2-3 weeks and does not produce seeds. Seed indicators were also studied. In reticulated saffron, the average weight of 100 seeds was 0.8133 g, the shape of the fruit was spindle-shaped, the average length of the seed/mm was 3.66, and the average width was 2.6 mm. As for Damascus saffron, the average number of fruits was 2.8 kortan, the length of the fruit/cm was 2.8, the average number of seeds inside the fruit was 16 seeds, the average weight of 100 seeds was 0.8915 g, the shape of the fruit was oval, the average length of the seed was 3.5 mm, and the average width of the seed was 2.6 mm. In order to increase the germination of reticulated and Damascene saffron seeds, 4 treatments were used. Treatment 1T (soaking in water for 24 hours and planted in a surface layer of site soil) outperformed the rest of the treatments with a germination rate of up to 63%.
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Keywords: saffron, environmental factors, Taybeh site, Sarghaya site, vegetative growth, floral growth, corm, wild saffron, Crocus cancellatus, Crocuse aleppicus, Syrian fluorescence, Crocus damascenus, Damascus countryside.
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