This research was conducted at the laboratories of Food Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Damascus, and the Central Grain Laboratory of the Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection, with the aim of studying the effect of replacing locally produced wheat flour types with different ratios (10, 20, 30 and 40%) of locally grown quinoa seed flour and chia seed flour on physicochemical, rheological and processing properties of the resulting composite flour. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of flour types showed higher protein, ash and color in quinoa flour and chia flour compared to the two types of wheat flour (high quality flour and standard flour). The process of replacing wheat flour with flour from the studied seeds led to a significant increase in these indicators, and significant differences appeared in the gluten quantitative and qualitative indicators, as the quantitative indicators of gluten decreased inversely with increasing rates of adding seed flour, while adding quinoa flour did not lead to a highly significant decrease in the qualitative indicator of wheat flour gluten. In contrast, the process of replacing wheat flour with chia seed flour led to a high Significant decrease in the qualitative characteristics of gluten. On the other hand, the results of the analysis of variance test for the fariograph indicators showed a difference in the effect of adding seed flour depending on the type of wheat flour. When adding seed flour to wheat flour, the water absorption, dough development time and the degree of dough weakness increased, and the dough stability time and valometric number decreased. Analysis of extensograph indicators showed a gradual and significant decrease in the strength of wheat flour with an increase in the percentage of added seed flour, represented by a decrease in area, resistance to extension, maximum resistance to extension and elasticity, and an increase in extensibility. The results of the cluster analysis test confirmed great importance in that it was possible to replace wheat flour with quinoa or chia seed flour at a ratio of up to 40% while maintaining, to a large extent, the physicochemical and rheological properties of wheat flour. Moreover, partial replacement of wheat flour up to 40% of whole quinoa flour did not change wheat flour strength. On the other hand, the analysis of the chemical composition of pan bread and biscuit made from composite flour showed a highly significant effect of adding seed flour on all the studied chemical indicators, as it was observed that the content of moisture, protein, ash, lipids and crude fibers increased and the carbohydrates content decreased with the high percentage of seed flour in the mixture. A significant decrease in bread volume was also observed, which was also accompanied by a decrease in the values of the specific volume of the bread. Likewise, the spread ratio of the biscuit samples decreased with an increase in the replacement ratio, while it was observed that there were no significant differences between the sensory evaluation scores for bread and biscuits made from wheat flour only and a mixture of quinoa or chia flour up to 10%, as significant differences started to appear when the substitution rate was raised to 20%, and thus wheat flour can be replaced by up to 10% of quinoa seed flour or chia seed flour and produce bread that was very similar to bread prepared from wheat flour only. The substitution rate in flour can also be raised to 40% while maintaining acceptable chemical and processing properties for pan bread. As for biscuits, the substitution rate in high quality flour can be raised to 20% of quinoa seed flour. For gluten-free products, it was revealed that pan bread and biscuit can be produced by replacing rice flour and corn flour with up to 20% of quinoa or chia flour, and presenting acceptable chemical, processing and sensory properties.
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Keywords: High quality flour, standard flour, quinoa, chia, physicochemical properties, rheological properties, pan bread, biscuits.
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